Biggs, Joseph https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7273-874X
Challenger, Joseph D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6029-1733
Dee, Dominic https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0087-3851
Elobolobo, Eldo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8787-774X
Chaccour, Carlos https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9812-050X
Saute, Francisco
Staedke, Sarah G.
Vilakati, Sibo
Chung, Jade Benjamin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3631-3132
Hsiang, Michelle S.
Dabira, Edgard Diniba
Erhart, Annette
D’Alessandro, Umberto
Tripura, Rupam
Peto, Thomas J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3197-9891
Von Seidlein, Lorenz https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0282-6469
Mukaka, Mavuto
Mosha, Jacklin
Protopopoff, Natacha https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6698-4936
Accrombessi, Manfred
Hayes, Richard
Churcher, Thomas S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8442-0525
Cook, Jackie
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-038132)
Article History
Received: 20 December 2024
Accepted: 24 June 2025
First Online: 18 July 2025
Competing interests
: All authors declare no competing interests.
: This study is a meta-analysis of cluster-level data with no personal identifiers, derived exclusively from previously published studies. All trial data were obtained with the original study corresponding authors’ consent or were made freely available online. No new data involving human participants were collected or analysed by the authors.