Keenan, Michael R. https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4795-8585
Trindade, Gustavo F. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6998-814X
Pirkl, Alexander
Newell, Clare L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1809-2305
Jin, Yuhong https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2812-0664
Aizikov, Konstantin
Dannhorn, Andreas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1087-4057
Zhang, Junting
Matjačić, Lidija
Arlinghaus, Henrik https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9351-3141
Eyres, Anya https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1613-1024
Havelund, Rasmus
Goodwin, Richard J. A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5699-8488
Takats, Zoltan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0795-3467
Bunch, Josephine
Gould, Alex P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6875-6985
Makarov, Alexander https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7046-6709
Gilmore, Ian S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0981-2318
Funding for this research was provided by:
Wellcome Trust (104566, 223760, 104566, 104566, CC2101, 104566, 223760, CC2101, 104566)
Cancer Research UK (CC2101, CC2101, A25045, CC2101)
RCUK | Medical Research Council (CC2101, CC2101, CC2101)
Article History
Received: 7 February 2024
Accepted: 25 June 2025
First Online: 10 July 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare the following competing financial interest(s): AM, KA are employees of Thermo Fisher Scientific, the manufacturer of Orbitrap instrumentation used in this research and AP, HA are employees of IONTOF, the manufacturer of OrbiSIMS mass spectrometer used in this research. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.