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Authors
Koh, Chong Hui https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7726-0041
Lambu, Mallikharjuna Rao
Tan, Chongyun https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1994-3380
Wei, Guangmin
Kok, Zhi Yuan
Zhang, Kaixi https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0317-7629
Vu, Quang Huy Nhat https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0818-981X
Panneerselvam, Muthuvel
Ooi, Ying Jie
Tan, Shiow Han
Wang, Zheng
Tatina, Madhu Babu
Ng, Justin Tze Yang
Guo, Aoxin
Tonanon, Panyawut https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8148-4216
Dang, Tram T.
Gan, Yunn-Hwen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9881-6881
Mu, Yuguang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2499-026X
Hammond, Paula T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9835-192X
Chi, Yonggui Robin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0573-257X
Webster, Richard D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0896-1960
Pullarkat, Sumod A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4150-2408
Li, Qingjie
Greenberg, E. Peter
Gründling, Angelika https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6235-8687
Pethe, Kevin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0916-8873
Chan-Park, Mary B. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3761-7517
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Article History
Received: 9 August 2023
Accepted: 30 June 2025
First Online: 12 July 2025
Competing interests
: The Authors declare no other financial and non-financial competing interests except the following: 1. Published patent PCT/SG2024/050366 titled Main Chain Cationic Oligo(Imidazolium) Forms N-Heterocyclic Carbene For Effective Bacterial Killing In Complex Environment is associated with this work. The applicants are NTU and Imperial College Innovations Limited, and the inventors include M.B.C., K.P., A. Gründling, C.H.K., M.R.L., Z.Y.K., G.W., and M.B.T. The patent covers the novel compound composition (1-13): their syntheses, characterizations (including NHC formation of 1-2 and 5), in vitro studies, and mastitis studies, but not the mice data and not some of the NHC-assisted model translocation data. 2. Unpublished patent (Singapore provisional patent application number 10202500296 V) titled OIM1-6-1X is associated with this work. The applicant is NTU and the inventors include M.B.C., M.R.L., Z.W., C.T., Q.H.N.V., G.W., S.H.T., and C.H.K. The patent covers the novel compound composition (12): their syntheses, and in vitro MIC and toxicity characterizations. 3. Published patent PCT/SG2023/050007 titled Polyimidazolium-based Cationic Antimicrobial Polymers for Novel Mastitis Prophylactic Solutions is relevant to this manuscript. The applicants are MIT and NTU, and the inventors include M.B.C., P.H.T., Z.K., and Ferguson, Michelle, and Elizabeth. The patent covers mastitis studies.
