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Article History

Received: 24 February 2025

Accepted: 3 July 2025

First Online: 15 July 2025

Competing interests

: Jonas Lanz reports speaker fees from Edwards Lifesciences and Abbott to the institution. Daryoush Samim has received funding for an online course from Edwards Lifesciences. Stefan Stortecky reports research grants to the institution from Edwards Lifesciences, Medtronic, Abbott, Boston Scientific, and consultancy fees from BTG / Boston Scientific, and Teleflex outside the submitted work. Dik Heg is employed by the DCR, University of Bern, which has a staff policy of not accepting honoraria or consultancy fees. However, DCR is involved in design, conduct, or analysis of clinical studies funded by not-for-profit and for-profit organizations. In particular, pharmaceutical and medical device companies provide direct funding to some of these studies. For an up-to-date list of our conflicts of interest see . David Reineke reports travel expenses from Abbott, Edwards Lifesciences and Medtronic and has proctor and consulting contracts with Abbott and Medtronic. Tobias Reichlin: Research grants from the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Swiss Heart Foundation, the sitem insel support funds, Biotronik, Boston Scientific and Medtronic, all for work outside the submitted study. Speaker/consulting honoraria or travel support from Abbott/SJM, Bayer, Biosense-Webster, Biotronik, Boston-Scientific, Farapulse, Medtronic, Pfizer-BMS, all for work outside the submitted study. Support for his institution’s fellowship program from Abbott/SJM, Biosense-Webster, Biotronik, Boston-Scientific and Medtronic for work outside the submitted study. Christoph Gräni has received funding support from the Swiss National Science Foundation, InnoSuisse, the CAIM foundation, the GAMBIT foundation, and the Novartis Biomedical Research Foundation. Stephan Windecker reports research, travel or educational grants to the institution from Abbott, Abiomed, Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Bbraun, Biotronik, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardinal Health, CardioValve, Cleerly Inc., Cordis Medical, Corflow Therapeutics, CSL Behring, Daiichi Sankyo, Edwards Lifesciences, Farapulse Inc. Fumedica, GE Medical Systems, Gebro Pharma, Guerbet, Idorsia, Inari Medical, InfraRedx, Janssen-Cilag, Johnson & Johnson, Medalliance, Medicure, Medtronic, Merck Sharp & Dohm, Miracor Medical, Neucomed, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Organon, OrPha Suisse, Pharming Tech, Pfizer, Philips AG, Polares, Regeneron, Sanofi-Aventis, Servier, Siemens Healthcare, Sinomed, SMT Sahajanand Medical Technologies, Terumo, Vifor, V-Wave, Zoll Medical. Stephan Windecker served as advisory board member and/or member of the steering/executive group of trials funded by Abbott, Abiomed, Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Boston Scientific, Biotronik, Bristol Myers Squibb, Edwards Lifesciences, MedAlliance, Medtronic, Novartis, Polares, Recardio, Sinomed, Terumo, and V-Wave with payments to the institution but no personal payments. He is also member of the steering/executive committee group of several investigator-initiated trials that receive funding by industry without impact on his personal remuneration. Thomas Pilgrim reports research grants from the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Swiss Heart Foundation, the Swiss Polar Institute, the Bangerter-Rhyner Foundation, the Mach-Gaensslen Foundation, and the Monsol Foundation. Research, travel or educational grants to the institution without personal remuneration from Biotronik, Boston Scientific, Edwards Lifesciences, and ATSens; speaker fees and consultancy fees to the institution from Biotronik, Boston Scientific, Edwards Lifesciences, Abbott, Medtronic, Biosensors, and Highlife. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose.