Gong, Sungsam https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5796-4423
Randise-Hinchliff, Carlo
Rohrback, Suzanne
Weng, Jing Yin
Singh, Komal
Shultzaberger, Sarah https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2181-0793
Sovio, Ulla https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0799-1105
Cook, Emma https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6142-4443
Kaper, Fiona
Smith, Gordon C. S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2124-0997
Charnock-Jones, D. Stephen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2936-4890
Funding for this research was provided by:
RCUK | Medical Research Council (G1100221, MR/K021133/1)
DH | National Institute for Health Research (Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (Women’s Health theme))
Article History
Received: 9 December 2024
Accepted: 7 July 2025
First Online: 18 July 2025
Competing interests
: G.S. and D.C.-J. have received research support from Roche Diagnostics Ltd and Sera Prognostics (fetal growth restriction, preeclampsia and preterm birth). G.S.’s department has received payment from Roche for a talk given by G.S. (fetal growth restriction). GS has been a paid consultant to GSK (preterm birth) and is a member of a Data Monitoring Committee for GSK trials of RSV vaccination in pregnancy. G.S. is currently a member of a Data Monitoring Committee for RSV vaccination in pregnancy (Moderna) and chairs a Data Monitoring Committee for a hyperemesis gravidarum therapeutic trial (NG Biopharmaceuticals). G.S. and D.C.-J. have received support from Pfizer (outside the scope of this work). C.R.-H., S.R., J.Y.W., K.S., S.S. and F.K. are, or were at the time of this work, employees of Illumina. The remaining authors report no conflict of interest.