Lerede, Annalaura https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0903-8606
Moura, Alexandra
Giunchiglia, Valentina
Carta, Elisa
Trender, William https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3947-5532
Tuite-Dalton, Katherine
Witts, James https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3386-2965
Craig, Elaine
Knowles, Sarah https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2370-736X
Rodgers, Jeff
Cocco, Eleonora https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3878-8820
Hellyer, Peter J.
Middleton, Rod https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2130-4420
Nicholas, Richard https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-1225
Hampshire, Adam
Article History
Received: 6 November 2024
Accepted: 11 July 2025
First Online: 3 September 2025
Competing interests
: A.H. is the founder and director of Future Cognition Ltd and co-founder and co-director of H2CD, which develops custom online assessment software and provides online assessment technology as a service for third parties, primarily in the research and healthcare sectors. P.J.H. is co-founder and co-director of H2CD. W.T. works as an employee of H2CD. R.N. has carried out paid advisory board and research trial with Roche and Novartis. He is vice chair of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence HTA committee C. E.CO has received honoraria for consultancy or speaking from Biogen, Novartis, Sanofi, Merck, Roche, Bristol, Janssen, and Alexion. All other authors report no competing interests.