Naze, Sebastien https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0367-402X
Hearne, Luke J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2014-1148
Sanz-Leon, Paula
Robinson, Conor https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7612-1218
Hall, Caitlin V.
Sonkusare, Saurabh https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4439-0579
Burgher, Bjorn
Zalesky, Andrew
Roberts, James A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1626-6551
Cocchi, Luca https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3651-2676
Funding for this research was provided by:
Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (2027597)
Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (2001283)
Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (1118153)
Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (1194070)
Article History
Received: 5 August 2024
Accepted: 9 July 2025
First Online: 11 August 2025
Competing interests
: L.J.H., C.R., B.B., A.Z. and L.C. are involved in a clinical neuromodulation centre (Queensland Neurostimulation Centre, QNC, as trading for Australia Brain Foundation). L.J.H., A.Z. and L.C. are not paid by QNC, while B.B. (psychiatrist) and C.R. (technician) received monetary compensation for their work with QNC. This centre had no role in this study. L.C. served as a co-inventor on a patent application that covers neuroimaging-based personalised TMS. He is also involved in the development of imaging-based personalised TMS for depression with ANT Neuro. The provisional patent and ANT Neuro products are not directly related to this work. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.