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Article History

Received: 12 November 2024

Accepted: 16 July 2025

First Online: 31 July 2025

Competing interests

: P.B.M. received funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation outside the submitted work. S.A. received funding from the Swiss Heart Foundation and speaker fees from Roche Diagnostics outside of the submitted work. S.B. received funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Mach-Gaensslen Foundation, and the Bangerter-Rhyner Foundation outside the submitted work. T.R. reports research grants from the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Swiss Heart Foundation, and the sitem insel support fund, all for work outside the submitted study. Speaker/consulting honoraria or travel support from Abbott/SJM, AstraZeneca, Brahms, Bayer, Biosense Webster, Biotronik, Boston Scientific, Daiichi Sankyo, Medtronic, Pfizer BMS, and Roche, all for work outside the submitted study. Support for his institution’s fellowship program from Abbott/SJM, Biosense Webster, Biotronik, Boston Scientific, and Medtronic for work outside the submitted study. A.M. reports fellowship and training support from Biotronik, Boston Scientific, Medtronic, Abbott/St. Jude Medical, and Biosense Webster; speaker honoraria from Biosense Webster, Medtronic, Abbott/St. Jude Medical, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Biotronik, MicroPort, Novartis, and consultant honoraria for Biosense Webster, Medtronic, Abbott/St. Jude Medcal and Biotronik. G.M. has received consultant fees for taking part in advisory boards from Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, AstraZeneca, and Daiichi Sankyo, all outside of the current work. A.Z. is an employee of Roche Diagnostics, a commercial provider of diagnostic tests. M.K. reports personal fees from Bayer, personal fees from Böhringer Ingelheim, personal fees from Pfizer BMS, personal fees from Daiichi Sankyo, personal fees from Medtronic, personal fees from Biotronik, personal fees from Boston Scientific, personal fees from Johnson&Johnson, grants from Bayer, grants from Pfizer, grants from Boston Scientific, grants from BMS, grants from Biotronik. Grants from the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Swiss Heart Foundation, the Foundation for Cardiovascular Research Basel, and the University of Basel. D.C. has received consultant fees from Roche Diagnostics and Trimedics, outside of the current work. The remaining authors have nothing to disclose.