Zhang, Liyuan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7585-5607
Wang, Meihui https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5497-5709
Jeon, Dongho
Meng, Yongqiang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5376-7422
Lee, Sun Hwa https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1368-1274
Choe, Myeonggi
Li, Yunqing https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3348-8693
Wang, Mengran https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0241-5643
Lu, Sherilyn J. https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4531-9407
Lee, Zonghoon https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3246-4072
Seong, Won Kyung https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8914-8622
Ruoff, Rodney S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6599-6764
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Institute and Faculty of Actuaries
The Institute for Basic Science, and the grant reference number is IBS-R019-D1.
Article History
Received: 25 January 2024
Accepted: 11 July 2025
First Online: 12 August 2025
Competing interests
: The Institute for Basic Science has filed a patent application (10-2024-0060358(KR)) that lists Won Kyung Seong and Rodney S. Ruoff as inventors. Other than this, the authors declare no competing interests.