Wang, Hengqi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4668-3391
Peng, Yiran https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3686-5458
Di Noia, Antonio https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5052-0763
Shang, Huazhe
Letu, Husi
van Diedenhoven, Bastiaan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5622-8619
Hasekamp, Otto P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1494-2539
Liu, Yangang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0238-0468
Quaas, Johannes https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7057-194X
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (42175096, 42025504)
Hebei province Key Research and Development Project
China Scholarship Council
National Key Research and Development Program of China
European Union Horizon Europe project “CleanCloud”
U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science Biological and Environmental Research as part of the Atmospheric System Research (ASR) Program.
Article History
Received: 18 September 2024
Accepted: 9 July 2025
First Online: 2 August 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.