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Authors
Carcelen, Andrea C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6271-6387
Monjane, Celso
Bérubé, Sophie
Takahashi, Saki https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5413-5507
Sultane, Thebora
Chelene, Imelda
Cooley, Gretchen
Goodhew, E. Brook
Patterson, Catriona https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4500-7199
Tetteh, Kevin
Mutambe, Manuel
Higdon, Melissa M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1932-9442
Mwinnyaa, George
Nhapure, Gilberto
Duce, Pedro
Martin, Diana L.
Drakeley, Christopher https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4863-075X
Moss, William J.
Macicame, Ivalda
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (125027, 125027, 060109)
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Article History
Received: 12 December 2024
Accepted: 18 July 2025
First Online: 26 August 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The research included local researchers throughout the research process. The research was determined in collaboration with local partners and has been presented to the local authorities. Roles and responsibilities were agreed among collaborators ahead of the research. This research was not severely restricted or prohibited in the setting of the researchers. Any risk of stigmatization, incrimination, discrimination, or personal risk to participants was minimized through local ethical considerations, including compliance with anonymity, privacy, and referrals to health facilities as dictated by local Ministry of Health policies. The study protocol was approved by the National Bioethics Committee for Health of Mozambique and the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Institutional Review Board.
