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Authors
Wu, Eric https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8379-3373
Bieniosek, Matthew https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2574-1641
Wu, Zhenqin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0148-7055
Thakkar, Nitya https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5647-6775
Charville, Gregory W. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2774-2704
Makky, Ahmad https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4205-1303
Schürch, Christian M.
Huyghe, Jeroen R. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6027-9806
Peters, Ulrike https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5666-9318
Li, Christopher I.
Li, Li
Giba, Hannah
Behera, Vivek
Raman, Arjun
Trevino, Alexandro E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9763-1540
Mayer, Aaron T. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6429-0420
Zou, James https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8880-4764
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Article History
Received: 18 December 2024
Accepted: 18 July 2025
First Online: 16 August 2025
Competing interests
: Several authors are affiliated with Enable Medicine as employees (M.B., Z.W., A.E.T., A.T.M.), consultants (E.W.), or scientific advisor (J.Z., C.M.S.). The remaining authors declare no competing interests.
: Patient samples and data were obtained using institutional protocols. Sample collections were approved by institutional review boards at the clinical sites where the data were collected. UChicago - IRB protocol (13-1297) was approved by U of Chicago BSD/UCMC Institutional Review Board. Informed consent was not required in this retrospective study of anonymized samples; Stanford - IRB protocol (IRB-8) was approved by the Stanford University Institutional Review Board. Informed consent was not required in this retrospective study of anonymized samples; Ochsner - IRB protocol (10515) was approved by the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center Institutional Review Board. Informed consent was not required in this retrospective study of anonymized samples; Tuebingen - Patients gave written informed consent and the use of their tissue samples and data was approved by the local Ethics Committee of the Canton of Bern (KEK 200/2014).
