Linden-Santangeli, Nathaniel https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7619-6722
Zhang, Jin
Kramer, Boris https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3626-7925
Rangamani, Padmini https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5953-4347
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550- 940 18-1-0051)
Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance at UCSD
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (T32EB9380)
Article History
Received: 25 October 2024
Accepted: 16 July 2025
First Online: 11 August 2025
Competing interests
: P.R. is a consultant for Simula Research Laboratories in Oslo, Norway, and receives income. The terms of this arrangement have been reviewed and approved by the University of California, San Diego in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. All other authors declare no competing interests.