Alcorn, Maria D. H. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8211-3647
Sun, Chengqun
Gilliland, Theron C. Jr
Lukash, Tetyana
Crasto, Christine M.
Raju, Saravanan
Diamond, Michael S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8791-3165
Weaver, Scott C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8016-8556
Klimstra, William B. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4506-7842
Funding for this research was provided by:
Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01 AI095436)
Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01 AI153209)
Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01 AI164653)
Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (T32 AI049820)
Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (UC7AI180311)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Threat Reduction Agency (MCDC 2103-011)
Article History
Received: 17 October 2024
Accepted: 23 July 2025
First Online: 5 August 2025
Competing interests
: W.B.K. is a co-founder of Advanced Virology. M.S.D. is a consultant or advisor for Inbios, Vir Biotechnology, IntegerBio, Moderna, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation, and GlaxoSmithKline. The Diamond laboratory has received additional unrelated funding support in sponsored research agreements from Vir Biotechnology, Emergent BioSolutions, and IntegerBio. S.C.W. is a consultant for Valneva. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.