Nam, Jae Hyun https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6297-2193
Mkhoyan, K. Andre https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3568-5452
Alsem, Daan Hein
Bruggeman, Peter J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3346-7275
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (W911NF 20-1-0105, W911NF20-1-0322, W911NF 20-1-0105, W911NF20-1-0322)
National Science Foundation (DMR-2011401, ECCS-2025124, DMR-2309431)
Article History
Received: 29 January 2025
Accepted: 24 July 2025
First Online: 14 August 2025
Competing interests
: D.H.A. is employed by Hummingbird Scientific, which manufactured the plasma TEM holder and electrode chips used in these experiments. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.