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Article History

Received: 7 March 2025

Accepted: 28 July 2025

First Online: 26 August 2025

Competing interests

: F.J. declares consulting/advisory board/speaker fees from GSK, Clovis, AstraZeneca, Roche, Eisai, Seagen, Tesaro, MSD, Astellas, Janssen, Ipsen, Bayer, Novartis/3A, and Pfizer; and travel expenses from Eisai, MSD, Ipsen, and GSK. A.L. declares personal honoraria from Medscape, GLG, and Servier; honoraria (to institution) for consulting/advisory roles from AstraZeneca, GSK, Zentalis, Owkin, Immunogen, and Apmonia; research funding (to institution) from AstraZeneca, GSK, MSD, Incyte, Eisai, Adaptimmune, Ziwig, Ose Immuno, and Zentalis; and travel/accommodation/expenses from AstraZeneca, Servier, and Ose Immuno. I.R.-C. declares honoraria from AbbVie, Advaxis, Agenus, Amgen, AstraZeneca, BMS, Clovis Oncology, Daiichi Sankyo, Deciphera, Genmab, GSK, Immunocore, Immunogen, MacroGenics, Mersana, MSD Oncology, Novartis, OxOnc, Pfizer, PharmaMar, PMV Pharma, Roche, Seagen, Sutro Biopharma, and Tesaro; consulting/advisory roles for AbbVie, Agenus, AstraZeneca, Blueprint Medicines, BMS, Clovis Oncology, Daichi, Deciphera, Eisai, Genmab, GSK, Immunocore, Immunogen, MacroGenics, Mersana, MSD Oncology, Novartis, Novocure, OSE Immunotherapeutics, Pfizer, PharmaMar, Roche, Seagen, Sutro Biopharma, and Tesaro; research funding (to institution) from BMS, MSD Oncology, and Roche/Genentech; and travel/accommodations/expenses from Advaxis, AstraZeneca, BMS, Clovis Oncology, Clovis Oncology, GSK, PharmaMar, Roche, and Tesaro. M.R. declares honoraria from Immunocore; consulting/advisory roles for Merck, AstraZeneca, and GSK; and research funding (to institution) from Johnson & Johnson and Merck. L.G. declares honoraria from GSK, AstraZeneca, and MSD; and travel/accommodation/expenses from GSK and MSD. G.M. declares consulting/advisory roles for Pfizer, Novartis, Lilly, Daiichi, and Eisai; and travel/accommodation/expenses from Pfizer. C.L. declares honoraria from GSK, MSD, AstraZeneca, and Eisai; consulting/advisory roles for GSK, AstraZeneca, AbbVie, and Eisai; and travel/accommodation/expenses from MSD and GSK. P.Fou. declares consulting/advisory roles for AstraZeneca, BMS, and MSD; research funding (to institution) from BMS and AstraZeneca; and travel/accommodation/expenses from Takeda. F.S. declares honoraria from AstraZeneca, MSD, GSK-Tesaro, Eisai, and Seagen; consulting/advisory roles for AstraZeneca, GSK-Tesaro, MSD, and AbbVie; and speakers’ bureau for AstraZeneca, MSD, GSK-Tesaro, and Eisai. J.-S.F. declares research funding from Seagen. P.Fol. declares consulting/advisory roles for AstraZeneca, Novartis, Daiichi, GSK, Eisai, MSD, and Lilly; expert testimony for AstraZeneca, Novartis, Daiichi, GSK, MSD, and Lilly; and travel/accommodation/expenses from AstraZeneca, Novartis, Daiichi, GSK, Eisai, MSD, and Lilly. M.F. declares honoraria from AstraZeneca; consulting/advisory role (to institution) for Tesaro/GSK; and travel/accommodations/expenses from Roche. E.B. declares honoraria from Gilead; and travel/accommodation/expenses from Lilly. K.L. declares honoraria from AstraZeneca, GSK, MSD, Lilly, Amgen, and Janssen; research funding from Roche; and travel/accommodation/expenses from Amgen. P.-A.J. declares honoraria from GSK, Eisai, and AstraZeneca. R.Le. declares honoraria from MSD; consulting/advisory roles for AstraZeneca and MSD; and travel/accommodation/expenses from AstraZeneca and MSD. C.C. declares consulting/advisory roles for AstraZeneca and MSD. B.Y. declares consulting roles for MSD, AstraZeneca, GSK-Tesaro, Bayer, Roche/Genentech, ECS Progastrin, Novartis, LEK, Amgen, Clovis Oncology, Merck Serono, BMS, Seagen, Myriad, Menarini, Gilead, Eisai, and Pharma&; research funding from Gilead, Merck Serono, Roche, and Pfizer; and travel/accommodation/expenses from Roche/Genentech, AstraZeneca, BMS, MSD Oncology, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Pfizer. J.A. declares honoraria from AstraZeneca, MSD, Eisai, GSK, Seagen, and Pfizer; consulting/advisory roles for AstraZeneca, MSD, GSK, Eisai, Seagen, and Pfizer; research funding from MSD, GSK, and Janssen; and travel/accommodation/expenses from AstraZeneca. The remaining authors declare no competing interests. Medical writing support was provided by Jennifer Kelly, MA (Medi-Kelsey Ltd, Ashbourne, UK), funded by GINECO.