Molina-Cruz, Alvaro https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5137-4836
Gonzalez-Ceron, Lilia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2347-5581
Dwivedi, Ankit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7294-1975
Torres, Tran Zen B. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0103-087X
Raytselis, Nadia
Young, Micah
Kamath, Nitin
McNinch, Colton
Su, Xinzhuan
Ford, Anthony
Ferreira, Marcelo U. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5293-9090
Arévalo-Herrera, Myriam
Herrera, Sócrates https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6354-0184
Lo, Eugenia
Silva, Joana C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6502-7026
Barillas-Mury, Carolina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4039-6199
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (Z01AI000947)
Article History
Received: 17 October 2024
Accepted: 28 July 2025
First Online: 9 August 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: For the samples from Brazil, approval of the study protocol was obtained from the Ethical Review Board of the Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the University of São Paulo, Brazil (538/2004 and 773/2007). For the samples from Mexico, the institutional ethics committee of the National Institute of Public Health in Mexico approved protocols to obtain P. vivax infected blood samples from patients; protocol numbers CI-87 (CONACYT CB29005M), CI-297 (CONACYT CB31041-M) and CI-442 (CONACYT 2004-119–SALUD). Written informed consent was obtained from the parents or guardians of participating children or from adult participants.