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Article History

Received: 2 July 2024

Accepted: 21 July 2025

First Online: 10 September 2025

Competing interests

: D. Solit has consulted/received honoraria from Rain Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, Fog Pharma, PaigeAI, BridgeBio, Scorpion Therapeutics, FORE Therapeutics, Function Oncology, Pyramid, Elsie Biotechnologies, Inc, and Meliora Therapeutics, Inc, all of which are outside the submitted work. H. Al Ahmadie has consulted for AstraZeneca and Paige.AI, all of which are outside the submitted work. J. Rosenberg served in a consulting or advisory role for Aktis, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Century Therapeutics, EMD Serono, Gilead, Century Therapeutics, Lilly Oncology, Pfizer, Roche/Genentech, Merck, Samsung Bioepis, Tyra Bioscience, and Seattle Genetics; has received research support from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Seattle Genetics, Genentech/Roche, Acrivon, and Lilly Oncology, all of which are outside the submitted work. C.K. Ding has consulted for Intuitive and reports research funding from Bristrol Myers Squibb, all of which are outside the submitted work. S.P. Porten reports research funding from Photocure and Kdx, honoraria from Fergene and CG Oncology, and serves on the steering committee or advisory board for Janssen and Vesica Health, all of which are outside the submitted work, all of which are outside the submitted work. T.W. Friedlander reports research funding from Seagen/Pfizer and Roche/Genetech, and has served in a consulting role for Astellas, Merck, Seagen/Pfizer, Gilead, Bicycle Therapeutics, Atkis Oncology, Bristol Meyers Squibb, and Abbvie, all of which are outside the submitted work. V.S. Koshkin has served in a consulting or advisory role for Astellas, Bicycle Therapeutics, Janssen, EMD Serono, Loxo Oncology, MSD, Seagen/Pfizer; has received institutional research funding from Endocyte/Novartis, Curium, Nektar, Gilead, Taiho, Merck and Seagen/Pfizer; and individual research funding from Eli Lilly, all of which are outside the submitted work. F.Y. Feng reported personal fees from Bluestar Genomics, Astellas, Foundation Medicine, Exact Sciences, Tempus, POINT Biopharma, Janssen, Bayer, Myovant, Roivant, SerImmune, Bristol Meyers Squibb, Novartis, and personal fees from POINT Biopharma and other support from Artera, prior to his death, all of which are outside the submitted work. J.K. Lee holds equity in, is on the scientific advisory board of, and receives research funding from PromiCell Therapeutics, outside the submitted work. He is an inventor on International Patent Application No. PCT/US2023/074229 related to NECTIN4 chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy. A.P. Wiita reports being an equity holder in Indapta Therapeutics and speaker honoraria from Sanofi and AstraZeneca, all of which are outside the submitted work. J. Chou reports consulting fees from Exai Bio and Bicycle Therapeutics outside the submitted work. K. Chang and J. Chou have filed a provisional patent through the University of California Office of Technology and Management based on this work. All other authors report no disclosures.