Malakar, Aniruddha
Martin, Andrew
Ishrak, Farhan
Schenck, Caleb https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5191-8042
Yu, Anqi
Pole, Mayur
Darsell, Jens https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1987-0156
Wang, Tianhao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7151-2658
Helsing, Joseph
Thornton, John
Lastovich, Michael
Kovarik, Libor
Grant, Glenn
Tracy, Joseph B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3358-3703
Thuo, Martin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3448-8027
Efe, Mert https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9526-7303
Gwalani, Bharat https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3021-6676
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | United States Navy | Office of Naval Research (N00014-23-1-2758)
National Science Foundation (2243104)
DOE | Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy | Vehicle Technologies Office (DE-AC05-76RL01830)
Article History
Received: 28 November 2024
Accepted: 30 July 2025
First Online: 13 August 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.