Deng, Wanyu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4292-0230
Xing, Siyang
Maia, Guilherme Warwick Parker https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5642-8987
Wang, Zhaoxi https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8003-2358
Crandall, Bradie S.
Jiao, Feng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3335-3203
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-051757)
National Science Foundation (EEC-2330245)
Article History
Received: 14 May 2025
Accepted: 6 August 2025
First Online: 26 September 2025
Competing interests
: B.S.C. is associate director of technical strategy and F.J. is co-founder and scientific advisor at Lectrolyst, a company that develops CO2 electrolysis technologies. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.