Thomas DeCruz, Alyssa https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9506-7575
Miller, Benjamin S.
Huang, Da https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3219-5565
McRobbie, Max
Donaldson, Felix
McCoy, Laura E. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9503-7946
O’Sullivan, Ciara K. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2603-2230
Botha, Johannes C.
Nastouli, Eleni https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1684-2013
McKendry, Rachel A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2018-6829
Funding for this research was provided by:
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/R00529X/1, EP/X031276/1, EP/R00529X/1, EP/R00529X/1, EP/R018707/1, EP/X031276/1, EP/R00529X/1, EP/R00529X/1, EP/X031276/1)
Wellcome Trust (224071/Z/21/Z)
Article History
Received: 2 September 2024
Accepted: 8 August 2025
First Online: 2 October 2025
Competing interests
: Benjamin Miller and Rachel McKendry have submitted patent applications to the UK Intellectual Property Office (application number GB 1814532.6; priority application filed 6 September 2018), to the World Intellectual Property Organization under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (application number PCT/GB2019/052474), to the European Patent Office (application number EP 19766322.2 A), and to the United States Patent and Trademark Office (application number US 17/273,641) pertaining to the fluorescence-based in vitro diagnostic assay methods of this work. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.