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Article History

Received: 11 May 2025

Accepted: 4 August 2025

First Online: 19 August 2025

Competing interests

: A.H.N.: honoraria: the Korean Society of Medical Oncology, TEMPUS, OncLive, Oklahoma University, Targeted Oncology; travel compensation: Korean Society of Medical Oncology, American Association for Cancer Research; consultation fees: Guidepoint Global, Putnam Associates, Capvision; compensation from Outlier.ai to provide feedback on data analysis tools, AI development; Equity in Revolution Medicine, Summit Therapeutics. M.G.E. receives full-time employment, travel/speaking expenses, and stock/stock options from Caris Life Sciences. A.C.C.: advisory boards: AbbVie, Amgen, BI, Merck, Jazz, and Research funding: Zai Labs. D.J.P.: Lecture fees: Bayer Healthcare, AstraZeneca, EISAI, Bristol Myers Squibb, Roche, Ipsen, OncLive; Travel expenses: Bristol Myers Squibb, Roche, Bayer Healthcare; Consulting fees: Mina Therapeutics, Boeringer Ingelheim, Ewopharma, EISAI, Ipsen, Roche, H3B, AstraZeneca, DaVolterra, Starpharma, Boston Scientific, Mursla, Avammune Therapeutics, LiFT Biosciences, Exact Sciences; Research funding (to institution): MSD, BMS, GSK, EISAI. N.A.: No conflicts to declare. P.R. reports travel support from AstraZeneca, MSD, BMS, and Kiowa Kirin outside the submitted work. M.R. received lecture fees from AstraZeneca. F.A.-L.: Research PI (AZ, Alira Health). A.I.V. received consulting honorarium from AstraZeneca, AbbVie, Janssen, Regeneron, Merus, and Novocure. T.A.: Employee of Caris Life Sciences. J.Z. reported the following: Grants/Contracts: AbbVie, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, BridgeBio, Genentech, Hengrui Therapeutics, InnoCare Pharma, Janssen, Kahr Medical, Merck, Mirati Therapeutics, Nilogen, Novartis, Champions Oncology, BMS. Consulting fees: AstraZeneca, Hengrui Therapeutics, Mirati Therapeutics, Novartis, Novocure, Regeneron, Sanofi, and Takeda Oncology. Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers, bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events: AstraZeneca, MJH Life Sciences, Novartis, Regeneron, Sanofi, and Takeda. A.S.W. has performed consulting work for MJH Life Sciences and received speaking fees from The Binaytara Foundation and Janssen. L.M.: Travel support: BMS. J.B.: grants for consultancies/advisory boards: BMS, Roche, AstraZeneca. Speaker fees: AstraZeneca, Lilly, Johnson and Johnson. Travel support: Roche, AstraZeneca, MSD, Johnson and Johnson. Research funding (to institution): SEOM. C.G.: grants for consultancies/advisory boards: MSD, BMS, Oncowissen, AstraZeneca, REGENERON, Roche. Speaker fees: AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chugai, Pierre-Fabre, MSD, Sanofi/REGENERON. Writing/Editorial activity: BMS, MSD. Travel support: Sanofi/REGENERON, MSD. Research fundings (to institution): BMBF/Deutsche Krebshilfe/Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. D.O.: Honorarium: Chugai. Research funding (to institution): Merck, BMS, Palobiofarma, Genentech, AbbVie, Nuvalent, Onc.AI. J.K.H. received consulting honorarium from Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine and ARUP. H.B.: Research Support (Clinical Trials): BMS, Lilly, Amgen; Advisory Board/Consultant: BMS, Lilly, Genentech, Pfizer, Merck, EMD Serono, Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Novartis, Genmab, Regeneron, BioNTech, Amgen, Axiom, PharmaMar, Takeda, Mirati, Daiichi, Guardant, Natera, Oncocyte, Beigene, iTEO, Jazz, Janssen, Puma, BerGenBio, Bayer, Iobiotech, Grid Therapeutics, RAPT; Data and Safety Monitoring Board: University of Pennsylvania: CAR T Program, Takeda, Incyte, Novartis, Springworks; Scientific Advisory Board: Sonnetbio (Stock Options); Inspirna (formerly Rgenix, Stock Options); Nucleai (stock options); Honoraria: Amgen, Pfizer, Daiichi, Regeneron; Travel: Amgen, BMS, Merck, Lilly, EMD Serono, Genentech, Regeneron, Mirati. M.D.: Advisory boards; Sanofi/Genzyme, Regeneron, Janssen, AstraZeneca, Gilead, Bristol Myer Squibb, Catalyst Pharmaceuticals, Novocure, Guardant Consulting: AbbVie, Janssen, Gilead, Daiichi Sankyo, Bristol Myer Squibb Research: Merck, Genentech, CellSight, Novartis, Varian. A.E.: Employee of Caris Life Sciences. J.J.L. has served as a compensated consultant for Genentech, C4 Therapeutics, Blueprint Medicines, Nuvalent, Bayer, Elevation Oncology, Novartis, Mirati Therapeutics, AnHeart Therapeutics, Takeda, CLaiM Therapeutics, Ellipses, Hyku BioSciences, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Yuhan, Merus, Regeneron, Pfizer, Nuvation Bio, and Turning Point Therapeutics; has received institutional research funds from Hengrui Therapeutics, Turning Point Therapeutics, Neon Therapeutics, Relay Therapeutics, Bayer, Elevation Oncology, Roche, Linnaeus Therapeutics, Nuvalent, and Novartis; and travel support from Pfizer and Merus. C.K.: Research funding (to institution): AstraZeneca, Novartis, Regeneron, Janssen, Genentech, Lyell, Daiichi Sankyo, Gilead, Macrogenics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Black Diamond Therapeutics. Consulting fees: Arcus, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Regeneron, Sanofi, Takeda, J&J, Pinetree, Boehringer Ingelheim, Gencurix. M.N. is on the advisory board for AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Takeda, Novartis, EMD Serono, Janssen, Pfizer, Eli Lilly and Company, Bayer, Regeneron, BMS and Genentech; consultant for Caris Life Sciences (virtual tumor board); speaker for Blueprint Medicines, Janssen, Mirati and Takeda; and reports travel support from AnHeart Therapeutics. Reports stock/stock options from MBrace Therapeutics. T.U.M. currently or has previously served on Advisory and/or Data Safety Monitoring Boards for Rockefeller University, Regeneron, AbbVie, Merck, EMD Serono, Storm, Geneos, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Atara, AstraZeneca, Genentech, Celldex, Chimeric, DrenBio, Glenmark, Simcere, Arrowhead, Surface/Coherus, G1 Therapeutics, NGMbio, DBV Technologies, Arcus, Fate, Ono, Storm, Replimmune, Larkspur, Avammune, and Astellas, and has research grants from the National Institutes of Health (NCI), the Cancer Research Institute, Regeneron, Genentech, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, and Boehringer Ingelheim. A.R.N. reports: Funding to Institution for Trials he is PI on: Loxo@Lilly, Surface Oncology, ADC Therapeutics, IGM Biosciences, EMD Serono, Aravive, Nikang Therapeutics, Inspirna, Exelexis, Revolution Medicine, Jacobio, Pionyr, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Immunocore, Phanes Therapeutics, Kymera Therapeutics, Dren Bio, Daichi; Consultant Editor Compensation: JCO Precision Oncology; Travel Compensation from: SITC/ AACR/ Conquer Cancer Foundation/BinayTara Foundation and Foundation Med/ Caris Life Sciences/ ASCO; Advisory Board: Foundation Med, Astellas, NGM biosciences, Natera, Regeneron; Honoraria: BinayTara Foundation, Foundation Med, Medlive; Grant Support: SOWG Hope Foundation. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.