Huang, Da https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3219-5565
Thomas DeCruz, Alyssa https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9506-7575
Cherkaoui, Dounia
Miller, Benjamin
Peiris, Diluka
Hopgood, Samuel
Kevill, Jessica
Farkas, Kata
Williams, Rachel
Jones, Davey L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1482-4209
McKendry, Rachel A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2018-6829
Funding for this research was provided by:
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/R00529X/1, EP/R018707/1, EP/X031276/1)
UKHSA ACE: UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) The Accelerated Capability Environment (ACE) Welsh Government: the Welsh Wastewater Programme
Article History
Received: 12 December 2024
Accepted: 12 August 2025
First Online: 1 September 2025
Competing interests
: B. M. and R.A.M. are inventors on the UK patent application number 1814532.6 filed by University College London Business. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.