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Authors
Stoll, Mary Margaret V. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3534-5343
Deutsch, Curtis A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3923-0797
Jurikova, Hana https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0996-2842
Rae, James W. B. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3904-2526
Frenzel, Hartmut
Gothmann, Anne M.
Alin, Simone R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8283-1910
Gagnon, Alexander C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0717-2916
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Article History
Received: 7 June 2024
Accepted: 12 August 2025
First Online: 13 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests. Senior author A.C.G. is a co-founder and major shareholder of carbon removal company Banyu Carbon, Inc. This declaration is meant to avoid the appearance of a possible conflict of interest; however, this publication is unrelated to the work of Banyu Carbon. Banyu Carbon had no role in the research, and most of the research activities in the manuscript occurred before Banyu Carbon was formed.
