Tian, Ye https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6659-6108
Yang, Yueying
Wang, Jiaxin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0392-0596
Li, Na
Pan, Zhangqi
Li, Yuli
Zhou, Mengyuan
Huang, Yizhou
Zhang, Xiaofeng
Yu, Yang
Lei, Haotian
Chen, Jie
Wang, Wei
Yuan, Ye
Lu, Xiaohuan
Du, Zhaokai
Liu, Xurui
Qin, Lejie
Cui, Xinwu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3890-6660
Tang, Hanchuan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8494-9031
Zang, Jianfeng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1775-4605
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52173280, nos. T2350001)
Huazhong University of Science and Technology (no. 2023JCYJ044)
China Association for Science and Technology (2024QNRC001)
Article History
Received: 14 November 2024
Accepted: 15 August 2025
First Online: 25 August 2025
Competing interests
: J.Z., Y.T., H.T., and Yueying Yang are named as inventors on a patent (CN115752311A) that covers the design and fabrication of the soft structured hydrogel. J.Z., Y.T., H.T., and Yueying Yang are named as inventors on patents (CN115844448A) related to this work. The authors declare that they have no other competing interests.