Mi, Xuenan https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5237-4712
Barrett, Susanna E. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3149-6654
Mitchell, Douglas A.
Shukla, Diwakar https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4079-5381
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R35GM142745, R01GM123998)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R21AI167693)
Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (2R01AI144967)
Article History
Received: 4 November 2024
Accepted: 14 August 2025
First Online: 29 September 2025
Competing interests
: S.E.B. and D.A.M. are inventors on a provisional patent application filed by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign covering lasso cyclase engineering (US Provisional Application Ser. No. 63/673,853). D.A.M. is also a co-founder and owns stock in Lassogen, Inc. The other authors declare no competing interests.