Li, Yandong https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4734-6255
Monticone, Francesco https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0457-1807
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-22-1-0204, FA9550-22-1-0204)
United States Department of Defense | United States Navy | Office of Naval Research (N00014-22-1-2486, N00014-22-1-2486)
Article History
Received: 10 January 2025
Accepted: 20 August 2025
First Online: 29 September 2025
Competing interests
: Y.L. and F.M. are listed as inventors on a U.S. provisional patent application (Serial No. 63/718,499) on training and pruning methods for designing space-efficient free-space optics and photonic chips.