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Authors
Mbizvo, Gashirai K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9588-2944
Duncan, Susan E.
Nancarrow, Lewis
Sagarino, Tessa
Watkins, Lance V. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0447-5906
Mbizvo, Michael T. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8262-8640
Lip, Gregory Y. H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7566-1626
Marson, Anthony G.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
DH | National Institute for Health Research (CL-2022-07-002)
Academy of Medical Sciences (SGL030\1029)
Epilepsy Research Institute - Emerging Leader Fellowship
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Article History
Received: 24 June 2024
Accepted: 13 August 2025
First Online: 15 September 2025
Competing interests
: A.G.M. declares i) a UCB Pharma grant paid to University of Liverpool for the National Audit of Seizure Management in Hospitals (NASH) study, which is unrelated to the submitted work; ii) an Angelini grant to be paid to University of Liverpool as co-applicant for A multi-method PRoject to maximise efficient and equitable pathways tO suPport from a rEgional epiLepsy centre (PROPEL), which is unrelated to the submitted work; iii) Honoraria paid to University of Liverpool for lectures unrelated to the submitted work given at educational events sponsored by Sanofi, Eiasi, and GSK; iii) Support from Angelini for attendance unrelated to the submitted work at the 2024 International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) congress. G.K.M. declares an Angelini grant paid to the University of Liverpool as co-applicant on the PROPEL study, which is unrelated to the submitted work; ii) Honoraria paid to the University of Liverpool for delivering a lecture at an educational event sponsored by Angelini, which was unrelated to the submitted work. G.Y.H.L. is a consultant and speaker for BMS/Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi-Sankyo, and Anthos, which is unrelated to the submitted work. No fees are received personally. G.Y.H.L. is a National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Senior Investigator and co-principal investigator of the AFFIRMO project on multimorbidity in AF, which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 899871, which is unrelated to the submitted work. T.S. is an employee of TriNetX, which routinely provides data for research studies, including the data used in this study. The involvement of T.S. as a co-author reflects her technical assistance as a data analyst and does not imply any compensation or influence from TriNetX on this study. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.
