Biswas, Raaj Kishore https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4294-6323
Ahmadi, Matthew N. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3115-338X
Bauman, Adrian
Milton, Karen
Koemel, Nicholas A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5463-6894
Stamatakis, Emmanuel https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7323-3225
Funding for this research was provided by:
Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (APP 1194510)
Article History
Received: 28 October 2024
Accepted: 14 August 2025
First Online: 7 October 2025
Competing interests
: E.S. is a paid consultant and holds equity in Complement 1, a US-based company whose services relate to physical activity. All other authors disclose no conflict of interest for this work.