Jalalvand, Azarakhsh https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8739-1793
Kim, SangKyeun https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0701-8962
Seo, Jaemin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0635-0282
Hu, Qiming https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8877-4988
Curie, Max
Steiner, Peter
Nelson, Andrew Oakleigh https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9612-1936
Na, Yong-Su https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7270-3846
Kolemen, Egemen https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4212-3247
Funding for this research was provided by:
DOE | Office of Science (DE-FC02- 04ER54698, DE-AC02-09CH11466, DE-AC02-09CH11466)
DOE | SC | Fusion Energy Sciences (DE-SC0015480, DE-SC0024626, DE-SC0024527, DE-SC0020413, DE-SC0024527, DE-SC0022270, DE-SC0022272, DE-SC0024527, DE-SC0015480, DE-SC0024626)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2024-00346024)
Princeton University (2025-97)
Article History
Received: 3 November 2024
Accepted: 20 August 2025
First Online: 26 September 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.