Soares, Carolina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2338-4495
Bellaver, Bruna
Ferreira, Pamela C. L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2134-9829
Povala, Guilherme
Schaffer Aguzzoli, Cristiano https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7378-3830
Ferrari-Souza, João Pedro https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2183-1551
Zalzale, Hussein
Lussier, Firoza Z.
Rohden, Francieli
Abbas, Sarah
Bauer-Negrini, Guilherme
Teixeira Leffa, Douglas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4890-8451
Benedet, Andréa Lessa
Langhough, Rebecca
Betthauser, Tobey J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8856-1352
Christian, Bradley T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9653-559X
Wilson, Rachael E.
L. Tudorascu, Dana
Rosa-Neto, Pedro https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9116-1376
Karikari, Thomas K. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1422-4358
Zetterberg, Henrik https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3930-4354
Blennow, Kaj https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1890-4193
Zimmer, Eduardo R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5349-0053
Johnson, Sterling C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8501-545X
Pascoal, Tharick A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9057-8014
Article History
Received: 31 March 2025
Accepted: 21 August 2025
First Online: 29 August 2025
Competing interests
: K.B. has served as a consultant and on advisory boards for AbbVie, AC Immune, ALZPath, AriBio, BioArctic, Biogen, Eisai, Lilly, and Moleac Pte. Ltd, Neurimmune, Novartis, Ono Pharma, Prothena, Roche Diagnostics, and Siemens Healthineers; has served at data monitoring committees for Julius Clinical and Novartis; has given lectures, produced educational materials and participated in educational programs for AC Immune, Biogen, Celdara Medical, Eisai and Roche Diagnostics, and is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program, all unrelated to the work presented in this paper. H.Z. has served on scientific advisory boards and/or as a consultant for AbbVie, Alector, ALZPath, Annexon, Apellis, Artery Therapeutics, AZTherapies, CogRx, Denali, Eisai, Nervgen, Novo Nordisk, Pinteon Therapeutics, Red Abbey Labs, reMYND, Passage Bio, Roche, Samumed, Siemens Healthineers, Triplet Therapeutics, and Wave, has given lectures in symposia sponsored by Cellectricon, Fujirebio, Alzecure, Biogen, and Roche, and is a co-founder of BBS. E.R.Z. has served on the scientific advisory board, as a consultant or speaker for Next Innovative Therapeutics (Nintx), Novo Nordisk, Biogen, Lilly, Magdalena Biosciences, and masima. He is also a co-founder and minority shareholder of Masima. P.R.-N. has served on scientific advisory boards and/or as a consultant for Eisai, Novo Nordisk, and Roche. GE HealthCare holds a license agreement with the University of Pittsburgh based on the PiB PET technology described in this paper. GE HealthCare provided no grant support for this study and had no role in the design or interpretation of results or preparation of this paper. S.C.J. serves on advisory boards for AlzPATH, Lilly, Merck, Alamar, and Enigma Biomedical. B.T.C. is a scientific advisor for Alnyham and has received equipment from Lantheus. T.K.K. has consulted for Quanterix Corporation, SpearBio Inc., Neurogen Biomarking LLC., and Alzheon, and has served on advisory boards for Siemens Healthineers and Neurogen Biomarking LLC., outside the submitted work. He has received in-kind research support from Janssen Research Laboratories, SpearBio Inc., and Alamar Biosciences, as well as meeting travel support from the Alzheimer’s Association and Neurogen Biomarking LLC., outside the submitted work. T.K.K. has received royalties from Bioventix for the transfer of specific antibodies and assays to third-party organizations. He has received honoraria for speaker/grant review engagements from the NIH, UPENN, UW-Madison, the Cherry Blossom symposium, the HABS-HD/ADNI4 Health Enhancement Scientific Program, Advent Health Translational Research Institute, Brain Health conference, Barcelona-Pittsburgh conference, the International Neuropsychological Society, the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the Quebec Center for Drug Discovery, Canada, all outside of the submitted work. T.K.K. is an inventor on several patents and provisional patents regarding biofluid biomarker methods, targets, and reagents/compositions, that may generate income for the institution and/or self should they be licensed and/or transferred to another organization. These include WO2020193500A1: Use of a ps396 assay to diagnose tauopathies; US 63/679,361: Methods to Evaluate Early-Stage Pre-Tangle TAU Aggregates and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease Patients; US 63/672,952: Method for the Quantification of Plasma Amyloid-Beta Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease; US 63/693,956: Anti-tau Protein Antigen Binding Reagents; and 2450702-2: Detection of oligomeric tau and soluble tau aggregates. The other authors declare no competing interests.