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Authors
Fu, Shuai
Gao, Hongyan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7872-0137
Wang, Siqi
Wang, Xiaoyu
Woodard, Trevor
Wang, Zhien https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6120-1952
Kong, Jing https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0551-1208
Lovley, Derek R. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7158-3555
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (W911NF2210027)
National Science Foundation (CCSS-2345733)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R21EB030216, R33HL175683)
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (FG-2022-18452)
Semiconductor Research Corporation (145105-21913)
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Article History
Received: 8 October 2024
Accepted: 22 August 2025
First Online: 29 September 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
