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Authors
Ding, Donghui https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2898-9386
Li, Zhao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5056-0351
Luo, Linhao https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0027-942X
Jin, Ming https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6833-4811
Zhu, Bin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9213-2611
Zhong, Yichen
Hu, Junhao
Cai, Peng https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7468-7695
Hu, Huiqi
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Article History
Received: 14 August 2024
Accepted: 26 August 2025
First Online: 25 September 2025
Competing interests
: The authors D.D., Z.L., Y.Z., and J.H. are employees of Hangzhou Yugu Technology Co., Ltd. and declare competing financial interests. The company derives commercial value from battery-analytics services; the performance of these services depends on the proprietary data discussed in this study. Other authors declare no competing interests.
