Li, Jialun https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6593-642X
Tong, Zongfei
Yang, Qingning
Wang, Jiahao
Jia, Chenyu
Guo, Wei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6947-5587
Zhang, Yuange
Jiang, Peng
Qiu, Wei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2120-2694
Uchimoto, Tetsuya
Xie, Shejuan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0921-6038
Chen, Zhenmao https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3203-4320
Wang, Tiejun https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2350-8264
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (12222207)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (U2130206)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (12402226)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (12125203)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (11927801)
State S&T Major Project of China
Article History
Received: 28 August 2024
Accepted: 28 August 2025
First Online: 30 September 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests. The restriction on sharing raw thermographic signals is solely due to project confidentiality requirements and not related to any financial or non-financial conflicts.