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Article History
Received: 8 June 2025
Accepted: 18 August 2025
First Online: 30 September 2025
Competing interests
: AM is a consultant for Tezcat Biosciences and is named on a patent that has been licensed to Thrive Earlier Detection (an Exact Sciences company). CH reports research funding to the institution from Sanofi, Avenge, Iovance, KSQ, Theolytics, BTG, Novartis, 280Bio, Astrazeneca, EMD Serono, Takeda, Obsidian, Genentech, BMS, Summit Therapeutics, Artidis, and Immunogenesis, and personal fees from Regeneron and stock options from Briacell outside the submitted work. LMSS reports research support from Theolytics, advisory role/consulting fees from BioNTech, and travel support from 10x Genomics, all outside the scope of this work. MD Anderson Cancer Center, VSK, ES, MM, RK hold a patent in the area of exosome biology. Patents related to EVs and Exosomes have been licensed to PranaX, Inc. VSK and RK are stock equity holders in PranaX, Inc. VSK and RK are founders, stock owners, and scientific consultants to PranaX, Inc. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.