Wang, Minhuan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6600-8791
Yin, Yanfeng
Wang, Pengfei
Shang, Wenzhe
Han, Yaling
Gao, Jing https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0120-5609
Hui, Kangshuo
Feng, Tao
Gunes, Ummugulsum https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8621-1647
Georges, Tristan
Emsley, Lyndon https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1360-2572
Xu, Peng
Bian, Jiming https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4912-7606
Cao, Jing https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3978-911X
Ying, Zhehan
Cai, Rui
Xiao, Jingyi
Jin, Shengye
Jiang, Xiaoqing
Zakeeruddin, Shaik M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0655-4744
Tian, Wenming https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0235-6652
Zheng, Likai https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3052-3868
Shi, Yantao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7318-2963
Grätzel, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0068-0195
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (12104081, 22403093, 22122307, 52272193)
Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province (2023-BS-063, 2024JH3/50100010)
Article History
Received: 16 April 2025
Accepted: 28 August 2025
First Online: 1 October 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.