Wang, Minhuan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6600-8791
Yin, Yanfeng
Wang, Pengfei
Shang, Wenzhe
Han, Yaling
Gao, Jing https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0120-5609
Hui, Kangshuo
Feng, Tao
Gunes, Ummugulsum https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8621-1647
Georges, Tristan
Emsley, Lyndon https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1360-2572
Xu, Peng
Bian, Jiming https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4912-7606
Cao, Jing https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3978-911X
Ying, Zhehan
Cai, Rui
Xiao, Jingyi
Jin, Shengye
Jiang, Xiaoqing
Zakeeruddin, Shaik M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0655-4744
Tian, Wenming https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0235-6652
Zheng, Likai https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3052-3868
Shi, Yantao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7318-2963
Grätzel, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0068-0195
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (12104081)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (22403093)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (22122307)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52272193)
Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province (2023-BS-063)
Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province (2024JH3/50100010)
Article History
Received: 16 April 2025
Accepted: 28 August 2025
First Online: 1 October 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.