Mao, Haiyi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5726-2613
Jia, Minxue https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9305-1218
Di, Marissa https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3740-129X
Valenzi, Eleanor https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0656-6542
Cai, Xiaoyu Tracy
Lafyatis, Robert https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9398-5034
Zhang, Kun https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0738-9958
Benos, Panayiotis V. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3172-3132
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL178032, R01HL127349, R01HL159805, R01HL169332, K08HL161258)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (P50AR080612)
Article History
Received: 6 February 2025
Accepted: 2 September 2025
First Online: 7 October 2025
Competing interests
: R.L. reports past grants from Bristol Meyer Squib, Formation, Moderna, Regeneron, and Pfizer. R.L. served or serves as a consultant with Abbvie, Mediar, Bristol Meyers Squibb, Formation, Thirona Bio, Sanofi, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Merck, Genentech/Roche, EMD Serono, Morphic, Third Rock Ventures, Bain Capital, and Zag Bio. R.L. sits on an independent data safety monitoring committees for Advarra/GSK and Genentech. R.L. is president and holds stock in Modumac Therapeutics Inc. E.V. reports grants from Boehringer Ingelheim. All other authors declare no competing interests.