Diao, Zhidian
Peng, Qiqun https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3721-2311
Luo, Sijun
Kan, Lingyan
Ge, Anle
Gao, Wei
Li, Runxia
Bao, Weiwei https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0582-4952
Wang, Xixian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4856-6516
Ji, Yuetong
Xu, Jian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0548-8477
Yang, Shihui https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9394-9148
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (32030003, 32170103, 32470087, 32370098)
Article History
Received: 20 March 2025
Accepted: 2 September 2025
First Online: 10 October 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare the following competing financial interest(s): J.X. and B.M. are on the scientific board of Qingdao Single-Cell Biotechnology Co. S.Y., W.B., Q.P have submitted a patent application to the United States Patent and Trademark Office pertaining to the biosensor for D-lactate production of this work (application number US18671938). The remaining authors declare no competing interests.