Diao, Zhidian
Peng, Qiqun https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3721-2311
Luo, Sijun
Kan, Lingyan
Ge, Anle
Gao, Wei
Li, Runxia
Bao, Weiwei https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0582-4952
Wang, Xixian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4856-6516
Ji, Yuetong
Xu, Jian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0548-8477
Yang, Shihui https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9394-9148
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (32030003)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (32170103)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (32470087)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (32370098)
Article History
Received: 20 March 2025
Accepted: 2 September 2025
First Online: 10 October 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare the following competing financial interest(s): J.X. and B.M. are on the scientific board of Qingdao Single-Cell Biotechnology Co. S.Y., W.B., Q.P have submitted a patent application to the United States Patent and Trademark Office pertaining to the biosensor for D-lactate production of this work (application number US18671938). The remaining authors declare no competing interests.