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Authors
FallahRad, Mohamad https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7277-4821
Donnery, Kyle https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8335-6447
Belali Koochesfahani, Mojtaba
Chaudhry, Zeeshan
Bhuiyan, Rayyan
Babaev, Benjamin
Saw, Matthew
Liu, Tiffany
Diaz Uraga, Miguel R. https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7821-2423
Zaman, Mahdi
Saha, Kisholoy
Velarde, Osvaldo
Rddad, Ayman
Khadka, Niranjan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4930-5214
Thahsin, Myesha
Couzis, Alexander https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6632-3011
Bikson, Marom
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NIH-NINDS UG3NS134619)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIH-NIBIB 1R01EB035129)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIH-NIDA UG3DA048502, NIH-NIDA UH3DA048502)
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Article History
Received: 7 July 2025
Accepted: 3 September 2025
First Online: 13 October 2025
Competing interests
: The City University of New York holds patents on brain stimulation or battery technology with MB, AC, MFR as inventor, including a patent application on printed battery-powered electrotherapy (application # USPTO 18/955,575, PCT/US24/56942). MB has equity in Soterix Medical Inc., an electrotherapy company. AC has equity in Urban Electric Power, a battery company. MB consults, received grants, assigned inventions, and served on the SAB of SafeToddles, Boston Scientific, GlaxoSmithKline, Biovisics, Mecta, Lumenis, Halo Neuroscience, Google-X, i-Lumen, Humm, Allergan (AbbVie), Apple, Ybrain, Ceragem, RemZ, some are electrotherapy companies. The authors declare no other competing interests.
