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Authors
Carmona-Gutierrez, Didac https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7548-7771
Zimmermann, Andreas https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2249-944X
Kroemer, Guido https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9334-4405
Madeo, Frank https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5070-1329
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Austrian Science Fund (https://doi.org/10.55776/COE14, https://doi.org/10.55776/P27893, https://doi.org/10.55776/P37278, https://doi.org/10.55776/P27893, https://doi.org/10.55776/P27893)
Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-22-CE14-0066 VIVORUSH, ANR-23-CE44-0030 COPPERMAC, ANR-23-R4HC-0006 Ener-LIGHT)
Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz
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Article History
Received: 18 November 2024
Accepted: 9 September 2025
First Online: 15 October 2025
Competing interests
: F.M. declares receiving paid consultancy fees from The Longevity Labs (TLL). F.M. and G.K. have equity interests in Samsara Therapeutics. GK has been holding research contracts with Daiichi Sankyo, Eleor, Kaleido, Lytix Pharma, PharmaMar, Osasuna Therapeutics, Samsara Therapeutics, Sanofi, Sutro, Tollys, and Vascage. G.K. is on the Board of Directors of the Bristol Myers Squibb Foundation France. G.K. is a scientific co-founder of everImmune, Osasuna Therapeutics, Samsara Therapeutics and Therafast Bio. G.K. is in the scientific advisory boards of Hevolution, Institut Servier, Longevity Vision Funds and Rejuveron Life Sciences/Centenara Labs AG. G.K. is the inventor of patents covering therapeutic targeting of aging, cancer, cystic fibrosis and metabolic disorders. Among these patents, one “Methods for weight reduction” (US11905330B1) is relevant to this study. GK’s brother, Romano Kroemer, was an employee of Sanofi and now consults for Boehringer-Ingelheim. GK’s wife, Laurence Zitvogel, has held research contracts with Glaxo Smyth Kline, Incyte, Lytix, Kaleido, Innovate Pharma, Daiichi Sankyo, Pilege, Merus, Transgene, 9 m, Tusk and Roche, was on the on the Board of Directors of Transgene, is a cofounder of everImmune, and holds patents covering the treatment of cancer and the therapeutic manipulation of the microbiota. These companies had no role in the design of the study; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results. DCG and AZ declare no competing interests.
