Ji, Haoyu
Song, Yalan
Bindas, Tadd
Shen, Chaopeng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0685-1901
Yang, Yuan
Pan, Ming
Liu, Jiangtao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9219-8354
Rahmani, Farshid https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9241-7206
Abbas, Ather
Beck, Hylke https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2553-9566
Lawson, Kathryn https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0075-7911
Wada, Yoshihide https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4770-2539
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation (EAR-2221880, EAR-2221880, EAR-2221880, DE-SC0021979)
United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (W912HZ-24-2-0001, W912HZ-24-2-0001, W912HZ-24-2-0001, W912HZ-24-2-0001)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NSSC24K1646, 80NSSC24K1646)
United States Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NA22NWS4320003, NA22NWS4320003, NA22NWS4320003, NA22NWS4320003)
U.S. Department of Energy (DE-SC0021979)
Article History
Received: 8 April 2025
Accepted: 9 September 2025
First Online: 15 October 2025
Competing interests
: C.S. and K.L. have financial interests in HydroSapient, Inc., a company which could potentially benefit from the results of this research. These interests have been reviewed by the University in accordance with its Individual Conflict of Interest policy, for the purpose of maintaining the objectivity and the integrity of research at The Pennsylvania State University. There are no other competing interests.