Yoon, Kyungduck https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3106-9735
Yoon, Hansol https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-927X
Tadesse, Kidan
Ling, Zhi
Mandracchia, Biagio https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4583-4733
Datta, Sayantan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0529-4402
Bozdag, G. Ozan
Burnetti, Anthony J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3856-8251
Ratcliff, William C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6837-8355
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation (EFMA1830941, DBI2145235)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R35GM124846, R35-GM138030)
Georgia Tech Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, a member of the NSF-supported National Nanotechnology Coordinated Infrastructure
Article History
Received: 2 April 2025
Accepted: 10 September 2025
First Online: 21 October 2025
Competing interests
: S.J., K.Y., and H.Y. are listed as inventors on a pending patent application (US Patent App. 63/814,286), partly relevant to the technology described in this manuscript. The other authors declare no competing interests.