Jing, Tao https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1936-4392
Shan, Zelin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4983-3575
Dinh, Tung https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5141-3281
Biswas, Avik https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3519-3944
Jang, Sooin
Greenwood, Juliet
Li, Min https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7119-2148
Zhang, Zeyuan
Gray, Gennavieve
Shin, Hye Jeong
Zhou, Bo
Passos, Dario https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1333-9102
Strutzenberg, Timothy S.
Aiyer, Sriram https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6436-0521
Andrade, Leonardo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0004-5677
Zhang, Yuxuan https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7213-3877
Li, Zhen
Craigie, Robert
Engelman, Alan N. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9709-2591
Kvaratskhelia, Mamuka https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3800-0033
Lyumkis, Dmitry https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8124-7472
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI136680, AI146017, AI170855, AI184419, AI039394, AI170791, AI136680, AI170855, AI184419)
Pioneer Fellowship from the Salk institute for Biological Studies
Eric and Wendy Schmidt Foundation
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM148049)
Article History
Received: 27 June 2024
Accepted: 16 September 2025
First Online: 24 October 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.