Jing, Tao https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1936-4392
Shan, Zelin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4983-3575
Dinh, Tung https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5141-3281
Biswas, Avik https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3519-3944
Jang, Sooin
Greenwood, Juliet
Li, Min https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7119-2148
Zhang, Zeyuan
Gray, Gennavieve
Shin, Hye Jeong
Zhou, Bo
Passos, Dario https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1333-9102
Strutzenberg, Timothy S.
Aiyer, Sriram https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6436-0521
Andrade, Leonardo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0004-5677
Zhang, Yuxuan https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7213-3877
Li, Zhen
Craigie, Robert
Engelman, Alan N. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9709-2591
Kvaratskhelia, Mamuka https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3800-0033
Lyumkis, Dmitry https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8124-7472
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI136680)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI146017)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI170855)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI184419)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI039394)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI170791)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI136680)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI170855)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI184419)
Pioneer Fellowship from the Salk institute for Biological Studies
Eric and Wendy Schmidt Foundation
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM148049)
Article History
Received: 27 June 2024
Accepted: 16 September 2025
First Online: 24 October 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.