Kristiansen, Trond https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6121-297X
Varpe, Øystein https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5895-6983
Selig, Elizabeth R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5479-6580
Laurel, Benjamin J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7150-0879
Sydeman, William J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1902-4654
Hegglin, Michaela I. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2820-9044
Wallhead, Phillip J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5009-5165
Article History
Received: 23 December 2023
Accepted: 25 September 2025
First Online: 6 November 2025
Competing interests
: T.K. is associated with the climate data company Actea Inc, which has no role in the content provided here. E.R.S. provides scientific support to companies in the seafood sector through the Seafood Business for Ocean Stewardship (SeaBOS) initiative ( ). None of the SeaBOS members had any role in the study design, analysis, interpretation of data, or conclusions drawn in this paper. The authors have no other competing interests.