Head, Anna https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4577-9869
Raymond, Ann
Rachet-Jacquet, Laurie
Briggs, Adam
Collins, Brendan
Birkett, Max
Charlesworth, Anita
O’Flaherty, Martin
Watt, Toby https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0217-0228
Kypridemos, Chris https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0746-9229
Funding for this research was provided by:
Health Foundation (NA)
Article History
Received: 29 October 2024
Accepted: 17 September 2025
First Online: 4 November 2025
Software
: The IMPACTNCD_Engl model is written primarily in the R programming language, for which version 4.2.3 was the latest release at the time of submission. C++ code (ISO/IEC 14882 standard) was also used.
: No authors have declared conflicts of interest. This study was funded by the Health Foundation; authors T.W., A.R., L.R.J., A.C. and A.B. were employed by the Health Foundation when conducting this work.