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Stuart, Kelsey V. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7353-8774
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Sun, Zihan
Li, Zheng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7060-2213
Wang, Ningli https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8933-4482
Do, Tan
Pang, Chi Pui
Nakano, Masakazu https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6720-2158
Tashiro, Kei
Ikeda, Yoko
Tokuda, Yuichi https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2725-106X
Tanaka, Masami
Omi, Natsue
Ueno, Morio https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8137-5730
Sotozono, Chie
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Mori, Kazuhiko https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5505-4917
Kitnarong, Naris
Fea, Antonio https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6551-6054
Melo, Mônica B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1801-5441
Vasconcellos, José Paulo C.
Costa, Vital P.
Nongpiur, Monisha E.
Ho, Ching Lin
Perera, Shamira A.
Craig, Jamie E. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9955-9696
Kolovos, Antonia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6618-0137
Liza-Sharmini, Ahmad Tajudin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8144-8816
Leuenberger, Edgar U.
Park, Ki Ho https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8137-8843
Vijaya, Lingam
George, Ronnie
Aung, Tin
Khor, C. C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1128-4729
Foster, Paul J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4755-177X
Hysi, Pirro https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5752-2510
Khawaja, Anthony P. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6802-8585
Funding for this research was provided by:
DH | National Institute for Health Research
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology
Article History
Received: 2 November 2024
Accepted: 26 September 2025
First Online: 14 November 2025
Competing interests
: A.P.K. has acted as a paid consultant or lecturer to AbbVie, Aerie, Allergan, Google Health, Heidelberg Engineering, Novartis, Reichert, Santen, Thea and Topcon. P.J.F. has acted as a paid consultant to AbbVie, Alphasights, GLG, Google Health, Guidepoint, PwC and Santen outside the submitted work. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.