Li, Huanxin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6169-3942
Chen, Haotian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1788-6605
Pang, Boyi
Zhang, Jincan
Luo, Bingcheng https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0918-6326
Silva, S. Ravi P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0356-1319
Wang, Yi-Chi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3612-4091
Zhao, Siyu
Shearing, Paul R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1387-9531
Robinson, James B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6509-7769
Novoselov, Kostya S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4972-5371
Funding for this research was provided by:
Innovate UK (576353)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52202154)
Chinese Universities Scientific Fund (15055002)
Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality (2252039)
Article History
Received: 27 September 2024
Accepted: 30 September 2025
First Online: 14 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.