Chen, Weigang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4880-8186
Qin, Rui https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5443-2283
Guo, Quan https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0894-2638
Guo, Jian https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2044-5615
Ge, Qi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0489-350X
Yuan, Yingjin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0553-0089
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (2023YFA0913800,2021YFF1200200)
Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (2024YFF1500500)
Article History
Received: 6 March 2025
Accepted: 1 October 2025
First Online: 17 November 2025
Competing interests
: W.C. J.G., and Y.Y. have a Chinese patent relates to a DNA storage scheme based on pseudo-noise sequence companioned encoding (application number 2023106262346). The remaining authors declare no competing interests.