Zhang, Yingcong
Meng, Fanyu
Gu, Zhengying https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8597-6752
Deng, Yiran
Liu, Tianbao
Jiang, Haixia
Chen, Tianxiang
Huang, Lin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3753-7894
Wang, Jiayi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1688-2864
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82422042)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82372148)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82272679)
Open Research Project of Beijing Key Laboratory from Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University
Article History
Received: 20 December 2024
Accepted: 3 October 2025
First Online: 19 November 2025
Competing interests
: J.W., L.H., Y.Z., F.M., and Z.G. have filed patents for both the technology and the use of the technology to detect biosamples. These patents are owned and managed by Shanghai Chest Hospital. The other authors declare no competing interests.