Blachier, Simon https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8438-5555
Vaney, Marie-Christine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9071-9988
Conquet, Laurine
Staropoli, Isabelle
Fernández, Ignacio
Giraud, Emilie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0028-1944
Arbabian, Atousa
Michel, Vincent https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7025-4343
Szilagyi, Fruzsina https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0820-6277
Guez, Salomé
Boucharlat, Alix
Chiaravalli, Jeanne
Tran-Rajau, Jaouen
Dufour, Evelyne
Haouz, Ahmed
Petres, Stéphane
Planas, Delphine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2509-9954
Montagutelli, Xavier https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9372-5398
Agou, Fabrice https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6280-239X
Lafaye, Pierre https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5761-1342
Ayme, Gabriel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0438-8095
Schwartz, Olivier https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0729-1475
Rey, Felix A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9953-7988
Enninga, Jost https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5218-349X
Brelot, Anne https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8095-4909
Funding for this research was provided by:
Institut Pasteur (PFR-6, DARRI/CARNOT Maturation program, DARRI/CARNOT Maturation program, PFR-4, PFR-6, DARRI/CARNOT, DARRI/CARNOT, PFR-6, PFR-6)
Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID, ANR-10-LABX-77, ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID, ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID, ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID, LABX Milieu Interieur, ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID, ANR-10-LABX-77, ANR/FFRM Flash covid, ANR coronamito)
Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche/Ecole Doctorale BIOSPC, Université Paris cité
Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le Sida et les Hépatites Virales (Emergen program, Emergen)
Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale
Sanofi
HERA europeen funding IDISCOVR
Article History
Received: 22 November 2023
Accepted: 8 October 2025
First Online: 21 November 2025
Competing interests
: SB, IF, IS, FAR, PL, GA, OS, ABr are designated as inventors in patent application No. WO 2025/056771 A1 filed by Institut Pasteur. The patent application covers the aspects of anti-ACE2 VHH B07, B09, B10 described in the manuscript. The other authors declare no competing interests.